Clinical Research Directory

Inclusion Criteria: * American society of anaesthesiologists class 1 or 2 (ASA 1 or 2) patients. * Patients undergoing elective surgeries under general anaesthesia with endotracheal intubation using direct laryngoscope. * Population aged from 18 to 60 years. Exclusion Criteria: * Patient's refusal to participate. * ASA class 3 or more patients including Substantive functional limitations; One or more moderate to severe diseases. Poorly controlled DM or HTN, COPD, morbid obesity (BMI ≥40), active hepatitis, alcohol dependence or abuse, implanted pacemaker, reduction of ejection fraction, ESRD undergoing regularly scheduled dialysis, history of MI, CVA, TIA, or CAD/stents, asthma with exacerbation, poorly controlled epilepsy. * Patients with any degree of Hypertension or treated for hypertension. * Pregnant patients. * Age of participant less than 18 or more than 60 years. * History of allergy to local anaesthetics or opioids. * Opioid abuse * Anticipated difficult airway which will be defined as El-Ganzouri Risk Index (EGRI) score of 4 or more points. * Difficult intubation which will be defined as situation where proper insertion of the tracheal tube with conventional laryngoscopy requires more than three attempts or more than 10 min. * Difficult mask ventilation which will be defined as a situation that develops when it is not possible for the unassisted anaesthesiologist to maintain the oxygen saturation \>90% using 100% oxygen and positive pressure ventilation, or to prevent or reverse signs of inadequate ventilation. * Patients requiring more than one attempt of intubation. * Intubation time more than 30 seconds. * Emergency surgeries or patients requiring rapid sequence induction for other reasons.