Clinical Research Directory

Inclusion Criteria: * Age ≥ 65 years. * Both sexes. * American Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA) physical status II. * Scheduled for elective ophthalmology surgery under general anesthesia. Exclusion Criteria: * History of severe cardiac arrhythmias or uncontrolled hypertension. * ASA III patients were excluded to reduce the risk of adverse events in elderly patients with severe systemic diseases. * Known allergy or hypersensitivity to caffeine. * Pre-existing cognitive impairment or dementia (All patients will undergo preoperative cognitive screening using the online Mini-Cog test or Montreal Cognitive Assessment \[MoCA\]). * History of seizures or epilepsy. * History of alcohol or drug abuse. * Chronic use of CNS stimulants or sedatives. * Emergency surgeries. * Prolonged procedures for more than 3 hours.