Clinical Research Directory

Inclusion Criteria: * Patients experiencing their first-ever stroke * Patients with a post-stroke duration of more than 2 weeks * Patients with plantar flexor muscle spasticity of the lower extremity less than grade 3 according to the Modified Ashworth Scale (MAS) * Patients with a Brunnstrom stage of the lower extremity greater than 2 * Patients who are able to stand independently or under supervision for at least 2 minutes for standing assessments * Patients who are able to walk at least 10 meters independently or under supervision, with or without an assistive device, for walking assessments * Patients with sufficient cognitive function to understand study instructions (Mini-Mental State Examination \[MMSE\] score \> 23) * Patients with stable medical and psychological conditions * Patients who are willing to participate in the study Exclusion Criteria: * Patients with bilateral hemispheric lesions * Patients with severe cardiovascular or musculoskeletal conditions that prevent walking (e.g., fixed ankle contracture) * Patients using a permanent urinary catheter, or those with pressure ulcers or urinary and/or fecal incontinence * Patients with unilateral neglect * Patients with neurological conditions other than stroke that may affect balance performance (e.g., Parkinson's disease, epilepsy, meningitis, cerebellar disorders, vertigo, dizziness, polyneuropathy) or musculoskeletal disorders (e.g., severe low back pain, knee disorders) * Patients with severe visual, hearing, or speech impairments