Clinical Research Directory

Inclusion Criteria: patients who were more than18 years old at time of diagnosis. Pathological confirmation of rectal adenocarcinoma. Locally advanced stage II\&III rectal carcinoma (≥T3 and or N+) at initial diagnosis. Patients treated with Total Neoadjuvant Therapy (TNT), including either chemoradiotherapy (CRT) followed by consolidation chemotherapy, induction chemotherapy followed by CRT, or short-course radiotherapy (SCRT) followed by chemotherapy, and subsequently undergoing TME. Available pathological assessment of surgical specimens. Exclusion Criteria: Patients with distant metastasis at presentation or other comorbid diseases. Patients with incomplete clinical and pathological staging information. Missing key clinical or pathological data. Patients who did not receive TNT or undergo TME surgery.