Clinical Research Directory

Inclusion Criteria: \- patients older than 18 years of age, with presence of a double-J (DJ) stent (polyurethane) post endoscopic stone removal. Exclusion Criteria: * Patients younger than 18 years of age were excluded. * Patients with a history of prostate or bladder surgery were excluded. * Patients with prior lower urinary tract procedures were excluded. * Patients with cancer were excluded. * Patients with neurological conditions were excluded. * Patients with a history of pelvic radiation were excluded. * Patients with diabetes were excluded. * Patients with kidney dysfunction (acute or chronic) were excluded. * Patients with a solitary kidney were excluded. * Patients with congenital urinary anomalies were excluded. * Patients taking the following medications were excluded: * α-blockers * beta-blockers * calcium channel blockers * 5-alpha reductase inhibitors * PDE5 inhibitors * anticholinergics * nitrates * Patients with cardiac issues were excluded. * Patients with residual stone fragments after surgery were excluded. * Patients with multiple or bilateral ureteral stones were excluded. * Patients with long-term or bilateral stents requiring frequent changes were excluded. * Patients with interstitial cystitis were excluded. * Patients with chronic cystitis were excluded. * Patients with prostatitis were excluded. * Pregnant women were excluded. * Breastfeeding women were excluded. * Patients unavailable for follow-up were excluded.