Clinical Research Directory

Inclusion Criteria: 1. Patients scheduled for elective Laparoscopic Surgery for laparoscopic cholecystectomy, appendectomy, or hernia repair under general anesthesia; 2. Ages 18 to 64 years old 3. American Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA) physical status of I-III 4. Patients must be able to understand the nature and potential personal consequences of the clinical trial and cooperate with follow-up investigations 5. signing of the informed consent form. Exclusion Criteria: 1. History of chronic pain syndrome of any cause and mental illness 2. Excessive alcohol or drug abuse, chronic opioid use (more than 2 weeks or 3 days per week for more than 1 month), use of drugs with confirmed or suspected sedative or analgesic effects, or use of any painkiller within 24 h before surgery. 3. History of hypertension (Grade 3, extremely high risk) 4. Pregnancy or breastfeeding. 5. Extreme body mass index (BMI) (\< 15 or \> 35). 6. Participation in another interventional trial that interferes with the intervention or outcome of this trial. 7. Digestive system diseases (such as peptic ulcers, gastric bleeding). 8. Patients with coronary artery disease. 9. Patients with renal impairment (serum creatinine \> 176 µmol/L) and abnormal liver function(alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and/or aspartate aminotransferase (AST) \> 2× the upper limit of normal (ULN) or total bilirubin (TBIL) ≥ 1.5×ULN). 10. Subjects with coagulation dysfunction (prothrombin time or activated partial thromboplastin time is higher than the normal threshold) or patients who are taking oral anticoagulants for other medical reasons and have not stopped it before surgery, such as warfarin or new anticoagulants rivaroxaban or dabigatran. 11. Patients with a history of allergy to anyone of the study drugs.