Clinical Research Directory

Inclusion Criteria: * Undergoing non-cardiac surgery； * Adult； Exclusion Criteria: * Undergoing urological surgeries that partially directly affect kidney function (including relief of urinary tract obstruction, nephrectomy, or kidney transplantation); * Surgery duration less than 60 minutes; * Weight \< 30 kg or BMI \> 35 kg/m2; * Patients who underwent reoperation within 7 days after surgery; * Surgeries not performed under general anesthesia; * ASA \> IV; * No serum creatinine measurement available within 6 months before surgery (baseline value) or within 7 days after surgery; * Preexisting renal dysfunction or a diagnosis of chronic kidney disease before surgery (creatinine \> 443 μmol/L); * No invasive blood pressure monitoring during the anesthesia induction period, or missing more than 25% of intraoperative invasive blood pressure data collection.