Clinical Research Directory

Inclusion Criteria: 1. Aged ≥ 18 years; 2. Between 4 weeks and 12 months postpartum; 3. Able to read and comprehend the Chinese questionnaire, and capable of using a smartphone; 4. Voluntary participation in the study with a signed written informed consent form. Exclusion Criteria: 1. A confirmed pre-pregnancy diagnosis of psychiatric disorders or intellectual disabilities, preventing normal communication; 2. Diagnosed with depression during pregnancy or the postpartum period, and currently receiving pharmacological or psychological therapy; 3. Experiencing severe pregnancy or postpartum complications with an unstable clinical condition, rendering the participant unable to complete the questionnaire; 4. Having a newborn with congenital malformations or severe medical conditions; 5. Having experienced major stressful life events within the past 4 to 6 weeks (e.g., perinatal fetal death, or the death of an immediate family member).