Clinical Research Directory

Inclusion Criteria: Infants with prenatal opioid exposure: * Term born or near-term born (\> 36w) infants * Birth weight \> 2 Kg * History of prenatal opioid exposure Control infants: * Term born or near-term born (\> 36w) infants * Birth weight \> 2 Kg Mothers of infants with prenatal opioid exposure: * greater or equal to 19 years of age * Use of opioid substances during pregnancy - Defined as pregnant women who 1) are clinically diagnosed as having an opioid use disorder and are on methadone or buprenorphine maintenance program or 2) have a urine drug test positive for prescribed or illicit opioids Mothers of control infants: * greater than or equal to 19 years of age Exclusion Criteria: Infants with prenatal opioid exposure: * APGAR score at 5 min \< 7 * Any major congenital malformations or genetic syndromes * Need for positive pressure ventilation in the delivery room Control infants: * APGAR score at 5 min \< 7 * Any major congenital malformations or genetic syndromes * Need for positive pressure ventilation in the delivery room * Any history of prenatal opioid exposure Mothers of infants with prenatal opioid exposure: * Major maternal illness during pregnancy or delivery that could impact infant cerebral perfusion as deemed by the study investigators (e.g. uterine rupture or preeclampsia) Mothers of control infants: * Major maternal illness during pregnancy or delivery that could impact infant cerebral perfusion as deemed by the study investigators (e.g. uterine rupture or preeclampsia) * Tobacco, SSRI or any opioid use during pregnancy