Clinical Research Directory

Inclusion Criteria: * 1.Community-dwelling adults aged 18 years or older, with no upper age limit. * 2.Ability to communicate in Mandarin or Taiwanese and understand the study procedures. * 3.Willingness to provide written informed consent. * 4 .Ability to complete the DDK tasks and RSST. Exclusion Criteria: * 1.Presence of acute respiratory infection, upper respiratory inflammation, or other acute conditions that may significantly affect speech or swallowing. * 2.Impaired consciousness, significant cognitive deficits, or inability to understand the study procedures. * 3.Recent surgery or radiotherapy involving the oral cavity or pharynx that affects speech or swallowing. * 4.Severe hearing impairment that prevents understanding of instructions. * 5.Any other condition deemed unsuitable for participation by the investigators.