Clinical Research Directory

Inclusion Criteria: * Age between 18 and 65 years. * Patients who have previously presented to the clinic with a complaint of low back pain. * Willingness and ability to provide written informed consent for participation in the study. * Availability of lumbar MRI images obtained within the previous 12 months and accessible for evaluation. Exclusion Criteria: * Presence of red flag conditions associated with low back pain, including malignancy, infection, acute trauma, or significant neurological deficits. * History of lumbar spine surgery. * Structural spinal anomalies such as sacralization or lumbarization. * Spinal deformities, including scoliosis. * Rheumatologic diseases affecting the spine (e.g., axial spondyloarthritis). * Significant radiculopathy or advanced neurological deficits, and the presence of extruded or sequestrated lumbar disc herniation. * Clinically significant lumbar spinal stenosis. * Spondylolysis and/or spondylolisthesis. * Acute vertebral fracture, compression fracture, or recent fracture associated with severe osteoporosis. * Hip or pelvic conditions that may directly influence the Trendelenburg sign, including: History of hip arthroplasty or hip surgery, advanced hip osteoarthritis, residual deformity following lower-extremity fracture, significant leg length discrepancy (\>2 cm). * Systemic or neuromuscular disorders, including multiple sclerosis, myopathies, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), stroke, or peripheral neuropathies. * Pregnancy. * Severe knee or ankle pathology or other conditions causing substantial gait impairment.