Clinical Research Directory

Inclusion Criteria: * The study included patients who met all of the following criteria: Aged 18 years or older; Classified as ASA physical status I-III (Appendix 1); Provided written informed consent to participate in the study; Scheduled for elective surgery requiring general anesthesia with propofol induction. Exclusion Criteria: * Patients were not eligible for inclusion if they: Had received analgesics or antiemetics within 12 hours before surgery; Had communication difficulties or were unable to assess pain adequately (e.g., language barrier, dementia, impaired consciousness); Had a known allergy to ondansetron, lidocaine, or propofol; Did not receive propofol for anesthetic induction; Were pregnant or breastfeeding; Suffered from chronic pain or regularly used opioid medications; Did not have a 20-gauge intravenous catheter inserted on the dorsum of the hand; Declined participation in the study. Patients were excluded from the study if they experienced any complication during anesthetic induction, including: Anaphylactic shock or allergic reaction to study medications; Hemodynamic or respiratory instability. Patients who subsequently withdrew their consent were also excluded from the study.