Clinical Research Directory

Inclusion Criteria: * Patients who underwent lateral sinus floor elevation with natural bovine bone as filling material after 2011 at the Faculty of Dentistry, Saint Joseph University of Beirut. * At least 18 years old at baseline * Systemically healthy * Patients who sign a new informed consent. * Smokers (≥ 10 cigarettes/ day) and non-smokers (\< 10 cigarettes/ day) Exclusion Criteria: * Patients who did not take a CBCT within 1 year after the initial surgery. * Presence of inflammatory lesions at the surgical site (eg, sinusitis as assessed by CBCT). * History of radiation therapy in the head/neck region. * Use of bisphosphonates.