Clinical Research Directory

Inclusion Criteria: * Adult patients aged 18 years or older * Patients presenting with clinical features suggestive of acute upper gastrointestinal bleeding (UGIB), including hematemesis, coffee-ground vomiting, or melena * Diagnosis of UGIB confirmed by upper gastrointestinal endoscopy or strong clinical evidence when endoscopy is not immediately available * Patients admitted to Sohag University Hospitals (medical wards or intensive care unit) * Availability of renal function data, including at least one serum creatinine measurement at admission and serial measurements during hospitalization * Availability of baseline renal function (previous serum creatinine within 3-12 months) or estimable baseline during hospitalization Exclusion Criteria: * Patients with end-stage renal disease (ESRD) on chronic dialysis * Patients with a history of renal transplantation * Patients with advanced chronic kidney disease stage 5 (eGFR \<15 mL/min/1.73 m²) not on dialysis * Patients with lower gastrointestinal bleeding * Patients with incomplete or missing essential renal function data * Patients discharged or deceased within 24 hours of hospital admission * Pregnant patients * Patients with acute kidney injury at presentation due to causes other than UGIB