Clinical Research Directory

Inclusion Criteria: * Age between 18 and 65 years. * American Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA) physical status I-III. * Body mass index (BMI) ≥ 40 kg/m² and scheduled for elective laparoscopic bariatric surgery. * Ability to provide written informed consent. * Willingness to participate in the study and comply with study procedures. Exclusion Criteria: * Age younger than 18 years or older than 65 years. * Refusal or inability to provide written informed consent. * History of ophthalmologic disease that may affect optic nerve sheath diameter (ONSD) measurements (e.g., glaucoma, optic neuritis, optic nerve tumors, severe ocular trauma, previous ocular surgery). * Known intracranial pathology, including intracranial hypertension, hydrocephalus, intracranial mass lesions, or cerebrovascular disease. * Neurological disorders that may influence intracranial pressure measurements. * Emergency surgery. * Pregnancy. * Severe cardiopulmonary disease (e.g., decompensated heart failure, severe pulmonary hypertension, severe chronic obstructive pulmonary disease). * Inability to obtain adequate ocular ultrasonography images for ONSD measurement. * Conversion from laparoscopic to open surgery. Intraoperative events requiring deviation from the study protocol.