Clinical Research Directory

Inclusion Criteria * age range from 18 to 35 years old; and * participating in recreational exercise, three times a week for at least 30 minutes. Recreational exercise includes ball sports (e.g. soccer, basketball, volleyball, etc.), racket sports (e.g. tennis, pickle ball, racket ball, etc.), strength/combat sports (e.g. weight lifting, boxing, martial arts, kickboxing, etc.), endurance sports (running, cycling, rock climbing, etc.), snow/ice sports (downhill or cross-county skiing, snow shoeing, hockey, etc.), interval training (e.g., high-intensity interval training), sprint interval training, repeated sprint training etc.) or moderate-intensity aerobic activities (step classes, dance classes, hiking, etc.) Exclusion Criteria * professional or amateur ranked athlete; * participation in water sports (swimming, water aerobics, kayaking, water skiing, etc.) to meet the recreational exercise inclusion criteria * acute or chronic musculoskeletal injury / condition of the feet, ankles, knees, and/or hips; * acute or chronic musculoskeletal injury / condition of the spine; * pregnancy or there is a possibility of pregnancy. * any diagnosed medical condition; and * any prescribed medications with the exceptions of birth control, anxiety, or attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) medications.