Clinical Research Directory

Inclusion Criteria: Age between 40 and 75 years. Diagnosis of knee osteoarthritis according to the American College of Rheumatology (ACR) criteria. Kellgren-Lawrence grade II or III on radiographic evaluation. Presence of symptomatic knee pain requiring physical therapy. Willingness and ability to participate in the standardized physical therapy program. Ability to complete study questionnaires and clinical assessments. Provision of written informed consent prior to participation. Exclusion Criteria: Age younger than 40 years or older than 75 years. Kellgren-Lawrence grade I or grade IV knee osteoarthritis. Previous knee arthroplasty or major knee surgery on the affected side. Lower extremity surgery within the previous 6 months. Intra-articular corticosteroid, hyaluronic acid, platelet-rich plasma, prolotherapy, or stem cell injection into the knee within the previous 3 months. Physical therapy for knee osteoarthritis within the previous 3 months. Acute knee trauma or fracture. Inflammatory rheumatic diseases (e.g., rheumatoid arthritis, ankylosing spondylitis, psoriatic arthritis). Fibromyalgia or chronic widespread pain syndrome. Active infection or malignancy. Neurological disorders significantly affecting lower extremity function or balance (e.g., stroke, Parkinson's disease, multiple sclerosis). Severe cognitive impairment or major psychiatric illness that may interfere with study participation or questionnaire completion. Contraindications to physical therapy modalities (TENS, therapeutic ultrasound, or superficial heat therapy). Regular opioid analgesic use or other medications that may substantially influence pain perception. Pregnancy or breastfeeding. Inability to comply with the treatment protocol or follow-up assessments. Participation in another interventional clinical study during the study period. Refusal or inability to provide written informed consent. \-