Clinical Research Directory

Inclusion Criteria: * Term newborns born between 37 and 42 weeks of gestation * Newborns without respiratory, cardiac, metabolic, neurological, or infectious diseases * Newborns not requiring oxygen therapy, phototherapy, or intravenous treatment * Newborns scheduled to undergo a routine heel lance procedure (metabolic screening or blood sampling) * Mothers willing to participate in the study * Written informed consent provided by the parent or legal guardian * Normal vital signs before the procedure (heart rate, respiratory rate, and oxygen saturation within normal limits) Exclusion Criteria: * Preterm (\<37 weeks) or post-term (\>42 weeks) newborns * Presence of congenital anomalies or neurological disorders * Requirement for oxygen therapy, phototherapy, or intravenous treatment * Respiratory, cardiac, metabolic, neurological, or infectious disease * Abnormal vital signs before the procedure * Parent or legal guardian refusal to provide informed consent