Clinical Research Directory

Inclusion Criteria: 1. Confirmed diagnosis of HIV infection; on stable antiretroviral therapy (ART) for ≥6 months with plasma HIV viral load \<50 copies/mL. 2. Presence of at least one pulmonary nodule ≤3 cm in maximum diameter on thin-section CT; radiological features suggestive of malignancy (e.g., part-solid or solid nodule with spiculation, lobulation, or vessel convergence) with estimated pretest probability of malignancy ≥50%. 3. Age 18-70 years. 4. Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group (ECOG) performance status 0-2. 5. Life expectancy ≥6 months. 6. Voluntary written informed consent obtained prior to any study procedure; willingness and ability to comply with scheduled visits, procedures, and follow-up requirements. Exclusion Criteria: 1. Active pulmonary tuberculosis or Pneumocystis jirovecii pneumonia requiring acute treatment at the time of screening. 2. Coagulation disorder: International Normalized Ratio (INR) \>1.5 or platelet count \<50 × 10\^9/L. 3. Prior definitive treatment for the target pulmonary nodule (e.g., surgical resection, radiotherapy, ablation, or systemic anti-tumor therapy). 4. Unstable ART status: not on continuous ART or HIV viral load ≥50 copies/mL within 3 months prior to enrollment. 5. Target lesion already diagnosed definitively by previous percutaneous biopsy or surgical pathology. 6. Severe cardiopulmonary dysfunction: * Forced Expiratory Volume in 1 second (FEV1) \<50% predicted; or * New York Heart Association (NYHA) Class III-IV heart failure. 7. Pregnancy or breastfeeding. 8. Participation in another interventional clinical trial within the past 3 months. 9. Inability to complete follow-up (e.g., no fixed residence, unstable contact information). 10. Any other condition that, in the investigator's judgment, would make the participant unsuitable for enrollment or pose unacceptable risk (including significant airway abnormality preventing safe navigation).