Clinical Research Directory

Inclusion Criteria: * participants must be 18 years of age or older and provide written consent. Patients scheduled for elective hip replacement surgery under general anaesthesia with an American Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA) physical status of I or III based on preoperative assessment. Exclusion Criteria: * ▪ Patient refusal to participate. * ASA status IV or above. * Patients with BMI more than 30 kg/m². * Pre-existing hypotension, cardiac disease (such as heart failure or coronary artery disease), pulmonary disease (such as chronic obstructive pulmonary disease), renal disease (such as chronic kidney disease), hepatic disease (such as cirrhosis), coagulopathy or bleeding disorders, pregnancy or lactation, severe intra-operative blood loss requiring blood transfusion.