Clinical Research Directory

Inclusion Criteria: Healthy males aged 18-65 years. Living in the UK. Recreationally active and meeting current physical activity guidelines. Body mass stable (\<2 kg change) during the 3 months prior to the study. Able to complete moderate-intensity arm-leg rowing exercise. Able to tolerate the cold-water familiarisation/tolerance test. Low cognitive restraint score on the Three-Factor Eating Questionnaire Revised 18-item (TFEQ-R18). Able to consume the standardised breakfast and ad libitum pasta meal provided during the study. Able to provide written informed consent. Willing to complete study questionnaires and experimental assessments. Willing to undergo core temperature measurement via self-inserted rectal thermistor and body composition assessment. Exclusion Criteria: Diagnosed cardiovascular, pulmonary, metabolic, or renal disease, or symptoms suggestive of these conditions. Any contraindication to moderate-intensity exercise. Conditions increasing risk during cold exposure, including history of cold-induced asthma, Raynaud's phenomenon, cold urticaria, or other non-freezing cold injuries. Cold-habituated individuals (e.g., regular cold-water swimmers). Current medication known to alter body weight or metabolism. Smoking, drug misuse, or alcohol abuse. Current musculoskeletal injury or condition that could be worsened by exercise. History of eating disorders or restrained eating behaviour. Shift work or sleep deprivation affecting study participation. Unable to fast before experimental sessions. Unable to tolerate the cold-water familiarisation/tolerance procedure. Unable to consume the foods provided as part of the standardised breakfast or ad libitum meal due to dietary restrictions or allergies. Unable to commit to study requirements.