Clinical Research Directory

Inclusion Criteria: * Age ≥18 years and ≤90 years. * Presentation to the Emergency Department or hospital with pneumonia. * Pneumonia defined according to IDSA/ATS criteria as the presence of at least two clinical signs or symptoms of lower respiratory tract infection (temperature \<36.0°C or \>38.0°C, respiratory rate \>20 breaths/min, oxygen saturation \<90% on room air, arterial PaO₂ \<60 mmHg, cough, sputum production, white blood cell count \<4,000/μL or \>10,000/μL, or bandemia \>10%) together with radiographic evidence of a new pulmonary infiltrate or cavitary lesion. * Bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL), bronchial aspirate (BAS), or endotracheal aspirate (ETA) performed within 48 hours of hospital presentation. * Modified Rankin Scale score \<5. * Availability of microbiological investigations for identification of fungal, bacterial, or viral pathogens. * Provision of informed consent, when required by applicable regulations and ethics committee approval. Exclusion Criteria: * Refusal or withdrawal of informed consent. * Age \<18 years or \>90 years. * Pregnancy. * Expected life expectancy \<3 months. * Hospital-acquired pneumonia with onset \>48 hours after hospital admission. * Modified Rankin Scale score ≥5. * Absence of microbiological diagnostic evaluation. * No identified bacterial, fungal, or viral pathogen after microbiological investigations.