Clinical Research Directory

Inclusion Criteria: * Age 18 to 75 years. * First-ever unilateral supratentorial stroke, either ischemic or hemorrhagic, confirmed by computed tomography or magnetic resonance imaging, resulting in hemiparesis, with disease duration longer than 6 months. * At least one active movement in the wrist or fingers of the affected upper limb, with muscle strength of grade 1 or higher. * Fugl-Meyer Assessment for Upper Extremity score between 10 and 40, indicating moderate upper limb motor impairment. * Change in Fugl-Meyer Assessment score less than 10% within the previous month, indicating a functional plateau. * Clear consciousness and basically normal cognitive function, with Mini-Mental State Examination score of 24 or higher. * Stable clinical condition and ability to understand and cooperate with simple instructions and rehabilitation training. * Written informed consent voluntarily signed by the participant or legal guardian. Exclusion Criteria: * Other neurological diseases that may cause motor dysfunction, such as Parkinson's disease, multiple sclerosis, or spinal cord injury. * Severe visual or auditory impairment that prevents cooperation with visual or auditory feedback instructions of the brain-computer interface system. * Contraindications to spinal cord stimulation surgery, such as severe coagulation dysfunction, infection at the puncture site, severe spinal deformity, or spinal canal stenosis. * History of epilepsy, intracranial metal implants, cardiac pacemaker, or other contraindications to magnetic resonance imaging. * Previous neuromodulation surgery for hemiparesis, such as spinal cord stimulation or deep brain stimulation. * Pregnancy or lactation. * Any other condition judged by the investigator to make the participant unsuitable for this study.