Clinical Research Directory

Inclusion Criteria: * ① Children and adolescents with myopia attending the Optometry Centre of Tianjin Medical University Eye Hospital; * Age range 6-18 years, grouped by chronological age at 12 and 13 years into a children's group (6-12 years) and an adolescent group (13-18 years), irrespective of sex; ③ Current use of one or a combination of the following interventions: a. conventional single-vision spectacle lenses; b. defocus-inducing spectacles (multifocal or peripheral defocus design); c. orthokeratology (OK) lenses; d. low-concentration atropine eye drops (0.01%); e. red-light therapy; f. no myopia control intervention; ④ Best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA) ≥ 0.8 on the standard logarithmic visual acuity chart; ⑤ Written informed consent obtained from guardians, and assent obtained from children aged 8 years and older. Exclusion Criteria: * ① Individuals residing in plateau or high-wind areas; * Individuals with a history of any ophthalmic surgery; * Individuals diagnosed with psychiatric disorders such as anxiety disorder, depressive disorder, bipolar disorder, or somatic symptom disorder by a psychiatrist, or those who have taken psychoactive medications (e.g., anxiolytics, antidepressants, sedative-hypnotics) within the past 3 months; ④ Individuals with ocular diseases or conditions including keratoconus, strabismus, conjunctivitis, amblyopia, high myopia, glaucoma, cataract, retinal nerve defects, or systemic diseases such as diabetes, hypertension, arthritis, osteoporosis, thyroid disease, chronic migraine, or chronic headache, or those taking medications known to potentially induce asthenopia; ⑤ Others: inability to cooperate with subjective questionnaire completion or objective examinations; or other conditions deemed unsuitable for inclusion by the investigators.