Clinical Research Directory

Inclusion Criteria: * Age between 18 and 65 years. * Preliminary diagnosis of lumbar radicular pain based on medical history, physical examination, and lumbar magnetic resonance imaging. * Patients scheduled to undergo transforaminal epidural injection targeting the L4, L5, or S1 nerve root. Exclusion Criteria: * Inability to access clinical or procedural records in the hospital system. * Absence of available radiological records related to the target level, if required. * Inability to provide reliable NRS or straight leg raise test assessment due to cognitive impairment or language barrier. * Coagulopathy, defined as INR \> 1.5 or platelet count \< 80,000/mm³, or inability to discontinue anticoagulant or antiplatelet therapy when required. * Local or systemic infection, or skin lesion at the planned injection site. * Pregnancy or breastfeeding. * Known severe hypersensitivity to iodinated contrast material or local anesthetics. * Progressive neurological deficit or cauda equina syndrome. * Bilateral or nearly bilateral pain with both sides being prominent and equivalent, or need for therapeutic injection at more than one level during the same session. * Epidural injection with local anesthetic and/or steroid at the same level within the last 6 weeks. * Active polyneuropathy or other diffuse neuropathies. * Active radicular pain originating from nerve roots other than L4, L5, or S1. * Requirement for mandatory sedation.