Clinical Research Directory

Inclusion Criteria: * Adults of Chinese ethnicity, aged between 18 and 65 years. * Presence of insomnia, as indicated by a score of 10 or higher on the ISI. * Meeting the DSM-IV-TR diagnostic criteria for insomnia disorder. The 1-month duration criterion in DSM-IV-TR rather than the 3-month criterion in DSM-V is adopted to broaden the clinical relevance of the study findings. * Willing to provide online informed consent to participate in the study. * Willing to comply with the requirements outlined in the study protocol. * Possession of a smartphone and consistent internet access for smartphone use. * Acceptance of the terms of service and privacy policies of the mobile apps used for intervention delivery. Exclusion Criteria: * A current or history of any sleep disorders other than insomnia disorder, such as narcolepsy, obstructive sleep apnea, and restless legs syndrome. * A current or history of mental retardation or neuropsychiatric disorders other than depression or anxiety or stress disorders (as they are considered treatment outcomes), including bipolar disorder, schizophrenia, and substance use disorder. * Presence of serious suicidality, demonstrated by ideation with a plan or a previous suicide attempt. * Currently receiving long-term pharmacological treatment, including sleep-promoting agents. * Currently undergoing structured psychotherapy. * A current or history of significant visual, auditory, or balance impairment. * A current or history of epilepsy * Subject who is preparing for pregnancy or pregnant * A current or history of any voice, speech, language disorders and learning difficulties. * A current or history of severe health conditions (e.g., stroke, heart attack) * Engaged in shiftwork or trans-meridian travel within the past 3 months or during the study.