Clinical Research Directory

Inclusion Criteria: Age between 25 and 70 years Stable symptoms and no other disease affecting pulmonary function (e.g., scoliosis or ankylosing spondylitis) Good cooperation and ability to walk independently Patients who underwent thoracic surgery FEV1 \> 2 L for pneumonectomy, \> 1 L for lobectomy, and \> 0.6 L for segmentectomy Maximum oxygen consumption (VO₂max) \> 15-20 mL/kg/min Cycle ergometer performance \> 83 W No severe visual impairment Approved for participation in exercise training by the operating physician Hodkinson Mental Test score \> 6 Willingness to participate and provision of informed consent - Exclusion Criteria: Contraindications to pulmonary rehabilitation or physiotherapy, including unstable cardiovascular disease, severe pulmonary hypertension, severe uncorrectable hypoxemia, exercise-induced desaturation, rib fractures, subcutaneous emphysema, advanced osteoporosis, or thrombocytopenia Orthopedic or neurological disorders that may impair independent ambulation, exertional dyspnea, or exertional vertigo Requirement for repeat thoracic surgery due to previous thoracic surgical history Inability to establish verbal and/or auditory communication and cooperation Inability to cooperate due to psychological and/or perceptual impairments Withdrawal Criteria Development of unexpected chest pain during the study Occurrence of syncope or nausea during testing procedures Participants may withdraw from the study at any time without providing a reason Study Completion / Termination Criterion Achievement of the planned sample size \-