Clinical Research Directory

Inclusion Criteria: 1. Elderly individuals scheduled to undergo painless gastrointestinal endoscopy. 2. Age between 65 and 80 years. 3. Body mass index (BMI) between 18 and 30 kg/m². 4. American Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA) physical status I-III (ASA III patients eligible only with mild-to-moderate dysfunction of a single organ system, without severe organ failure, and considered able to tolerate the procedure). 5. Fried frailty phenotype score \< 3. 6. Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE) score ≥ 27. 7. Provision of written informed consent by the patient or legal representative. Exclusion Criteria: 1. Allergy or contraindication to remimazolam, oliceridine, or sufentanil. 2. Liver or renal failure (Child-Pugh class C or eGFR \< 30 mL/min). 3. Systemic infection, immunosuppression, coagulation disorder, upper gastrointestinal bleeding, or intestinal obstruction. 4. History of opioid dependence or long-term use of psychotropic drugs. 5. Difficult airway or severe respiratory dysfunction. 6. Cognitive impairment, psychiatric disease, or inability to cooperate with assessment. 7. New York Heart Association (NYHA) functional class III or higher\[cite: 3\]. 8. Fried frailty phenotype score ≥ 3. 9. Use of sedative or analgesic drugs within 24 hours before enrollment.