Clinical Research Directory

Inclusion Criteria: * Underwent elective or in-house urgent cardiac surgery at the Royal Wolverhampton NHS Trust between 1st January 2013 and 31st December 2025, excluding those who had surgery during 2020 and 2021 due to the confounding effect of COVID-19 on acute kidney injury incidence. * Cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) was utilised during the cardiac surgical procedure. * A complete minimum dataset is available within the study databases, comprising: age, sex, history of diabetes, left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF), surgical priority, pre-operative haemoglobin and serum creatinine (SCr) levels, type of cardiac surgery performed, CPB duration, EuroSCORE or logistic EuroSCORE, renal replacement therapy (RRT) use, and post-operative day 1 and/or day 2 and/or day 3 SCr values. Exclusion Criteria: * The procedure was performed as an emergency surgery. * Required data fields are incomplete or unavailable. * Surgery was performed off-pump, without the use of cardiopulmonary bypass. * The patient was dialysis-dependent prior to surgery. * The patient had a pre-operative estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) of less than 20 mL/min/1.73 m². * The cardiac procedure required deep hypothermic circulatory arrest (DHCA). * The patient has exercised their right to opt out of research data use.