Clinical Research Directory

Inclusion Criteria: * patients over 18 years of age. * patients with sympathetic nervous system-mediated disorders. Exclusion Criteria: * patients younger than 18 years of age. * patients with severe chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. * previous diaphragmatic paralysis or neuromuscular disease. * inability to undergo diaphragmatic ultrasound. * patients with neck anatomy considered unsuitable for the procedure (including previous neck surgery, burns, extensive scarring or large goiters resulting in distortion of normal cervical anatomy). * contraindications to the interventional technique (such as infection at the puncture site, or refusal to provide consent).