Clinical Research Directory

Eligibility Criteria for Novice Physicians： Inclusion Criteria * Aged 18 years or older. * Otorhinolaryngology residents or standardized residency training physicians. * No prior independent experience in electronic nasopharyngolaryngoscopy. * Holding both a physician qualification certificate and a physician practice certificate registered at the study institution. * Willing to participate in the study and provide written informed consent. Exclusion Criteria * Previous participation in other endoscopy training studies. * Inability to complete the required continuous training period Eligibility Criteria for Patient Participants： Inclusion Criteria * Aged 18 years or older. * Male or female. * Clinical need for electronic nasopharyngolaryngoscopy. * Able and willing to provide written informed consent. Exclusion Criteria * Pregnancy. * History of allergy to topical anesthetics such as tetracaine or lidocaine. * Language or communication barriers. * Anatomical abnormalities, such as laryngeal stenosis, or prior nasopharyngeal or laryngeal surgery. * Inability to tolerate the examination position. * Any condition judged by the investigator to make the participant unsuitable for the study.