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Participants received a structured multidisciplinary Enhanced Recovery After Surgery (ERAS) program. Key interventions: preoperative education with an ERAS diary, shortened fasting with oral carbohydrate loading, opioid-sparing multimodal anesthesia, normothermia maintenance, and no routine abdominal drainage. Postoperatively, the urinary catheter was removed within 6 hours, with early oral hydration beginning 2 hours postoperatively, assisted ambulation within 6 hours, multimodal analgesia, and restrictive fluid management.

Participants received conventional perioperative care established by the Hepatobiliary Surgery Department, including routine preoperative fasting (≥8 h for solids, ≥6 h for fluids) without carbohydrate loading, standard balanced general anesthesia, routine abdominal drainage, opioid-based analgesia as needed, fasting for 6 hours postoperatively, oral intake initiated on postoperative day (POD) 1, and urinary catheter removal at approximately 24 hours postoperatively (POD 1).