Clinical Research Directory

Inclusion criteria: * Participants newly diagnosed with bladder cancer (BC) (International statistical classification of diseases and related health problems, 10th revision \[ICD-10\] codes of malignant neoplasm of the bladder \[C67\] or carcinoma in-situ of bladder \[D090\] and cancer-specific insurance code of Korean national health insurance service \[V193\]) between September 1 2015 and August 31 2023 * Having two outpatients or one inpatient visit anytime in the study period for BC Exclusion criteria: * Participants with a history of BC diagnosis or cystectomy during the pre-index period * Participants with prior primary malignancy (ICD-10 codes) that was under active treatment or follow-up during the pre-index period * Participants with evidence of metastatic disease at the index date, defined as: a. Having secondary malignancy codes (ICD-10 codes), or b. Having received systemic chemotherapy for BC within 6 months of the initial transurethral resection of the bladder tumor (TURBT)