Clinical Research Directory

Inclusion Criteria: * Age 18 years or older * Provision of written informed consent * Undergoing non-contrast computed tomography at Malatya Training and Research Hospital during the study period * For cases: presence of at least one kidney and/or ureteral stone on non-contrast computed tomography * For controls: absence of stones in the kidneys, ureters, and bladder on non-contrast computed tomography * For controls: no previous physician-diagnosed urinary stone disease or history of stone-related surgery * Feasibility of bilateral second- and fourth-digit length measurements Exclusion Criteria: * Congenital deformity of the hands or fingers * History of hand or finger trauma, fracture, surgery, or amputation that may affect digit length measurement * Severe hand deformity, contracture, or advanced joint disease preventing reliable measurement * Incomplete, inadequate, or technically unreliable 2D:4D measurements * Missing essential clinical, demographic, or imaging data * Pregnancy * Presence of bladder stones * Urinary diversion, major urinary tract reconstruction, or a significant structural urinary tract anomaly