Clinical Research Directory

Inclusion Criteria: Age \> 18 years, both sexes. Patients requiring dental implant placement in the posterior region (molar area). Patients systemically healthy with no medical history contraindicating implant surgery. Sufficient inter-arch space for future prosthesis (minimum 7 mm). Exclusion Criteria: Bone height \<6 mm at the proposed implant site. Inadequate oral hygiene. Heavy smoking (\>10 cigarettes/day). Alcohol or drug abuse. Pregnancy. Local or systemic infection. Uncontrolled metabolic disease (e.g., diabetes mellitus). Severe hepatic or renal dysfunction. Chemotherapy or radiotherapy within the last 5 years. Immunosuppression therapy or autoimmune disorders. Complete edentulism. Pathological conditions such as periapical or periodontal abscesses. Untreated gingivitis or periodontitis.