Clinical Research Directory

Inclusion Criteria: * Children aged 8-10 years who were examined at the Department of Pediatric Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry, Recep Tayyip Erdoğan University. * Systemically healthy participants. * Participants with available diagnostic-quality panoramic radiographs obtained during routine dental examinations. * Participants with and without a history of nail biting habit. * Panoramic radiographs with sufficient image quality for fractal dimension analysis and mandibular morphometric measurements. * Radiographs without periapical pathology in teeth adjacent to the regions of interest (ROI) used for fractal analysis. * Participants with at least 20 existing teeth. * Radiographic records with available parental radiographic information and consent documentation. Exclusion Criteria: * Participants with systemic diseases or conditions that may affect bone metabolism, including diabetes mellitus, osteoporosis, osteomalacia, renal diseases, hypothyroidism, or hyperparathyroidism. * Participants using medications that may influence bone density or bone metabolism. * Participants with temporomandibular joint disorders affecting the subcondylar region. * Participants with mandibular pathological conditions, including cysts, tumors, or other lesions affecting mandibular bone structure. * Participants with periapical pathology adjacent to the regions selected for fractal analysis. * Participants with fewer than 20 teeth. * Panoramic radiographs with insufficient diagnostic quality or image artifacts that prevent reliable measurements. * Radiographs that do not allow accurate evaluation of mandibular cortical and trabecular bone parameters.