Clinical Research Directory

Inclusion Criteria: General Criteria * Male or female patient aged 19 years or older at the time the clinical data were recorded * Electronic medical record data available between January 1, 2023, and May 31, 2025 * Admission to a general ward for at least 12 hours * Clinical data not previously used in the development of Vital-PICASO SpO2-Based Hypoxia-Positive Group * Hypoxia occurred in a general ward * Hypoxia was defined as oxygen saturation below 94% * Vital-sign data were available for up to 72 hours before the hypoxia event * If hypoxia occurred within 24 hours after admission or transfer to the general ward, all available vital-sign data recorded before the event were included * If multiple eligible hypoxia events occurred during the data collection period, only the first eligible event was included for this criterion SpO2-Based Hypoxia-Negative Group * No hypoxia occurred during the selected general ward admission * Data were randomly selected from the same general wards as the corresponding hypoxia-positive group * Vital-sign data were available from a time interval comparable with the hypoxia-event reference time or for up to 72 hours after admission to the general ward * Only one eligible data interval was included per patient Oxygen-Treatment-Based Hypoxia-Positive Group * Hypoxia occurred in a general ward * Hypoxia was defined as oxygen administration at a flow rate of 4 L/min or more * Vital-sign data were available for up to 72 hours before the initiation of oxygen administration * If oxygen administration began within 24 hours after admission or transfer to the general ward, all available vital-sign data recorded before the event were included * If multiple eligible events occurred during the data collection period, only the first eligible event was included for this criterion Oxygen-Treatment-Based Hypoxia-Negative Group * No hypoxia occurred during the selected general ward admission * Data were randomly selected from the same general wards as the corresponding hypoxia-positive group * Vital-sign data were available from a time interval comparable with the hypoxia-event reference time or for up to 72 hours after admission to the general ward * Only one eligible data interval was included per patient Exclusion Criteria: * Hypoxia occurred outside a general ward * The patient had chronic obstructive pulmonary disease * A do-not-resuscitate order was in effect at the time the clinical data were recorded * The patient was pregnant or within 3 months after delivery at the time the clinical data were recorded * The data were considered inappropriate for the study by the principal investigator