Clinical Research Directory

Inclusion Criteria: * 1\. Elderly patients (age ≥65 years) 2. Undergoing elective non-cardiac major surgery with a planned overnight hospital stay following surgery 3. Cognitive ability: Conscious, no severe cognitive impairment (MMSE score ≥24), able to cooperate with scale assessment Exclusion Criteria: * 1\. Patients who refuse to participate in the study 2. Patients with severe dementia, language disorder, severe hearing or visual impairment, or cognitive impairment preventing assessment 3. Patients whose surgeries were canceled 4. History of previous severe mental illness (schizophrenia, bipolar disorder) or long-term use of psychotropic medications 5. Patients admitted to ICU immediately after surgery 6. Patients who did not complete the scale assessment