Clinical Research Directory

Inclusion Criteria: * Children aged 8-10 years. * Children and parents/legal guardians who agree to participate in the study and provide informed consent. * Patients requiring vital pulp therapy of a permanent mandibular first molar. * Patients classified as Frankl Behavior Rating Scale score 3 or 4. Systemically healthy children (ASA I). * Children with adequate cognitive and communication abilities to understand the study procedures and pain/anxiety assessment scales. * Permanent mandibular first molars without clinical or radiographic signs of abscess, fistula, or periapical pathology. Exclusion Criteria: * Children with systemic diseases or medical conditions affecting dental treatment. * Children classified as Frankl Behavior Rating Scale score 1 or 2. * Patients with known allergy or hypersensitivity to local anesthetic agents (e.g., lidocaine, articaine). * Teeth with acute dental infection signs, including abscess, cellulitis, or extensive infection. * Teeth showing clinical or radiographic evidence of periapical pathology. * Children unable to understand or complete pain and anxiety assessment scales due to cognitive, visual, hearing, or communication limitations. * Patients who do not comply with the study procedures or withdraw consent.