Clinical Research Directory

Inclusion Criteria * Children aged 8 to 10 years. * Availability of a diagnostic-quality digital panoramic radiograph obtained as part of routine dental care. * Presence of complete mandibular permanent first molars and permanent incisors. * Belonging to one of the following study groups: * Children receiving regular H1 antihistamine therapy for at least 12 months. * Children diagnosed with an allergic disease who have not received H1 antihistamine therapy during the previous 12 months. * Healthy children without allergic disease or long-term antihistamine use. * Availability of complete medical and dental records. Exclusion Criteria * History of systemic diseases or conditions known to affect bone metabolism. * Use of medications affecting bone metabolism (other than H1 antihistamines in the antihistamine group). * Craniofacial anomalies or syndromes. * History of orthodontic treatment. * Previous mandibular trauma or surgery. * Presence of radiographic pathology affecting the mandibular regions of interest (e.g., cysts, tumors, fractures, or extensive bone lesions). * Poor-quality panoramic radiographs with positioning errors or artifacts that interfere with image analysis. * Missing permanent first molars or incomplete eruption of teeth required for the analysis.