Clinical Research Directory

Inclusion Criteria: * Adults (age 18+) scheduled for elective cardiac surgery requiring cardiopulmonary bypass * Low perioperative risk defined as STS Predicted Risk of Mortality (PROM) ≤ 3% based on the latest STS Adult Cardiac Surgery Database (ACSD) Risk Calculator * Deemed appropriate for OR extubation preoperatively by the attending cardiac surgeon * Able to provide informed consent Exclusion Criteria: * Underlying pulmonary disease requiring use of home supplemental oxygen * Pre-capillary pulmonary hypertension (mPAP ≥ 25 mmHg or PVR \> 2 Wood units) on most recent right heart catheterization for any patient for which there is suspicion for pulmonary hypertension at the time of preoperative evaluation * Preoperative right ventricular dysfunction greater than mild on most recent echocardiogram * Obstructive sleep apnea with home CPAP or biPAP use or recommended use * Neuromuscular disease associated with respiratory muscle weakness including myasthenia gravis, Lambert-Eaton myasthenic syndrome, or muscular dystrophy * Airway abnormalities including tracheostomy, history of difficult mask ventilation, history of difficult intubation requiring fiberoptic rescue or multiple (\>2) attempts, known anatomic abnormalities including limited mouth opening (\< 3cm), severe micrognathia, tracheal stenosis, or tracheal compression due to mass or goiter We will also exclude patients undergoing the following procedures: * Transplant surgery * Pulmonary thromboendarterectomy * Implantation of mechanical circulatory support including LVAD, Impella, intra-aortic balloon pump, RVAD, or ECMO