Clinical Research Directory

Inclusion Criteria: Age range 12-35 years. * Both male and female patients. * Medically-fit patients with no medical condition associated with root resorption risk. * No previous history of orthodontic treatment. * Patients requiring complete upper and lower orthodontic treatment with fixed appliance. * Angle class I, II, and III malocclusion with crowding in both maxillary and mandibular anterior dentition. * Healthy permanent dentition with adequate oral hygiene and no periodontal diseases; before the start of orthodontic treatment. Exclusion Criteria: Cleft lip \& palate patients * Syndromic patients * Patients with bone pathologies * Habits such as smoking * Patients with parafunctional habits or history of pre-existing root resorption * Patients taking drugs which inhibit or accelerate tooth movement * Tooth or teeth with periapical infection. * Patients with pain from any other medical or dental condition that may have affected their reported discomfort scores were excluded * Endodontically treated mandibular or maxillary anterior teeth * Presence of blocked-out tooth that did not allow for placement of the bracket or full AW engagement at the initial bonding.