Clinical Research Directory

Inclusion Criteria: Inclusion criteria for the Healthy Control group: * presence of ≥ 20 teeth in the mouth * probing pocket depth (PPD) ≤ 3 mm * the percentage of bleeding sites for the whole mouth \< 10%, * on radiographic examination, a distance of ≤ 3 mm between the cemento-enamel junction and the alveolar bone crest in 95% of all teeth. Inclusion criteria for the Gingivitis group were * presence of ≥ 20 teeth in the mouth * PPD ≤ 3 mm, -% of bleeding sites for the whole mouth ≥ 10%, * on radiographic examination, a distance of ≤ 3 mm between the cemento-enamel junction and the alveolar bone crest in 95% of all teeth. Inclusion criteria for the Stage 3 Periodontitis group * presence of ≥ 15 teeth in the mouth * more than 30% of teeth affected by periodontal disease * affected teeth exhibiting probing depths of 6 mm or more * clinical attachment loss (CAL) of ≥ 5 mm, * vertical bone loss of 3 mm or more * class 2 or 3 furcation involvement * radiographic evidence of alveolar bone loss extending to the middle third and beyond (33%) in the relevant teeth Exclusion Criteria: * presence of any systemic disease * regular use of any medication * pregnancy or lactation * periodontal treatment within the last 6 months * antibiotic use within the last 6 months * the presence of prosthetic restorations on the teeth to be sampled