Clinical Research Directory

Inclusion criteria * Adult female patients (≥18 years of age). * Patients who underwent nipple-sparing mastectomy (NSM) with immediate tissue-expander placement. * Patients undergoing nipple neurotization at the time of expander-to-implant exchange. * Patients with a clinically viable nipple-areola complex (NAC) at the time of neurotization. * Patients who underwent standardized sensory assessment of the breast/NAC preoperatively and at least one postoperative time point. * Patients who provided informed consent for participation and postoperative sensory assessment. Exclusion criteria * Patients younger than 18 years of age. * Male patients. * Patients who underwent a mastectomy other than nipple-sparing mastectomy. * Patients who underwent nipple neurotization at a time other than the expander-to-implant exchange. * Patients unable to undergo standardized sensory testing or unable to reliably report sensory perception. * Patients without adequate postoperative follow-up to perform the required sensory assessments. * Patients who declined participation or withdrew consent.