Clinical Research Directory

Inclusion Criteria: 1. Age between 18-60 years, no gender limited; 2. Meeting the WHO 1999 diagnostic criteria for T2DM, with a diagnosis time ≤12 months; 3. Not having received hypoglycemic drug treatment (or only lifestyle intervention, and stopped medication ≥4 weeks before enrollment); 4. Fasting blood glucose 7.0-13.9 mmol/L, glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) 6.5%-10.0%; 5. No regular exercise in the past 3 months (less than 2 times per week of moderate or higher intensity exercise, each \<30 minutes); 6. Voluntarily signing the informed consent form. Exclusion Criteria: 1. Type 1 diabetes, gestational diabetes, or other special types of diabetes; 2. Severe cardiovascular or cerebrovascular diseases (NYHA heart function ≥III, recent myocardial infarction or unstable angina); 3. Uncontrolled hypertension (resting systolic blood pressure ≥160 mmHg or diastolic blood pressure ≥100 mmHg); 4. Severe liver or kidney dysfunction (ALT/AST ≥3 times the upper limit of normal, or eGFR\<60 mL/min/1.73m²); 5. Severe diabetic complications (such as proliferative retinopathy, severe neuropathy, diabetic foot); 6. Pregnant or breastfeeding women; 7. Mental illness or cognitive impairment that prevents compliance with the study; 8. Stress events such as infection, trauma, or surgery in the past month; 9. Participation in other interventional clinical studies; 10. Musculoskeletal diseases of the upper or lower limbs that affect rowing machine or bicycle exercise.