Clinical Research Directory

Inclusion Criteria: * General anesthesia with tracheal intubation is planned for elective non-cardiac surgery. * Age ≥18 years old, gender not limited; * American Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA) classification I-III; * Voluntarily participate in this project and sign the informed consent form. Exclusion Criteria: * The anesthesia method was temporarily changed to local anesthesia, regional anesthesia or intravenous anesthesia; * There was a clear cognitive dysfunction before the surgery (MMSE score lower than the qualified standard corresponding to the educational level: illiterates ≤ 17 points; primary school level ≤ 20 points; secondary (technical secondary) school level: ≤ 22 points; university (college) and above level: ≤ 23 points) or communication difficulties; * There is a history of mental illness or long-term use of psychotropic drugs; * It is expected to be transferred to the intensive care unit (ICU) immediately after the surgery or requires a sedated state and cannot undergo standard assessment in the PACU; * Has participated in or is currently participating in other clinical trials within 1 month; * The investigator determines that there are other circumstances that are not suitable for participating in this trial.