Clinical Research Directory

Inclusion Criteria: * Aged 1 to 3 years * Scheduled to undergo an elective minor surgical procedure, such as orchiopexy, hypospadias repair, or hernia repair * Undergoing surgery under general anesthesia with an anesthesia duration not exceeding 60 minutes * No known hearing impairment * No anatomical abnormality of the ear * No chronic condition that could affect auditory perception or pain response, such as cerebral palsy, Down syndrome, or another neurodevelopmental disorder * Scheduled for direct transfer to the pediatric surgery ward after surgery without an extended stay in the postanesthesia care unit * Written informed consent provided by a parent or legal guardian Exclusion Criteria: * Surgery performed under emergency conditions * A surgical procedure different from the planned procedure * Anesthesia duration exceeding 60 minutes * Development of a postoperative complication requiring admission to the postanesthesia care unit or intensive care unit * Administration of additional analgesic medication beyond the institutional analgesia protocol * Interruption or inability to complete the 60-minute auditory intervention or observation period * Withdrawal of consent by the parent or legal guardian