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After induction of general anesthesia and before surgical incision, under strict aseptic precautions, a low-frequency curvilinear ultrasound transducer is placed between the costal margin and iliac crest. An echogenic 22-gauge 80-100 mm block needle is advanced in-plane toward the anterolateral border of the quadratus lumborum muscle near the junction of the transversus abdominis aponeurosis and transversalis fascia. After hydrodissection and negative aspiration, 20 mL of 0.25% bupivacaine is injected on each side under continuous ultrasound visualization of local anesthetic spread. Total planned volume 40 mL (100 mg bupivacaine), not exceeding 2 mg/kg.

After induction of general anesthesia and before surgical incision, under strict aseptic precautions, a high-frequency linear ultrasound transducer is placed transversely on the anterolateral abdominal wall between the costal margin and iliac crest. The external oblique, internal oblique, and transversus abdominis muscles are identified. An echogenic 22-gauge block needle is advanced in-plane until the tip lies in the fascial plane between the internal oblique and transversus abdominis muscles. After hydrodissection and negative aspiration, 20 mL of 0.25% bupivacaine is injected on each side under continuous ultrasound visualization of local anesthetic spread. Total planned volume 40 mL (100 mg bupivacaine), not exceeding 2 mg/kg.

Local anesthetic used for both QLB and TAP blocks: 20 mL of 0.25% bupivacaine per side (total 40 mL / 100 mg), dose adjusted not to exceed 2 mg/kg body weight.