Clinical Research Directory

Inclusion Criteria: * Adults aged 20 to 80 years. * First-ever ischemic or hemorrhagic stroke with unilateral impairment in hand or arm strength or motor function. * Medically stable and able to participate safely in the training program. * Able to understand the study procedures and sign the informed consent form. * Able to follow verbal instructions, comply with study procedures, and complete all assessments. * Able to maintain a seated position and participate in each training session (approximately 40-60 minutes). Exclusion Criteria: * Stroke involving the brainstem or cerebellum. * History of epilepsy, photosensitive epilepsy, or a tendency to faint. * Presence of implanted electronic devices, such as pacemakers, implantable cardioverter-defibrillators (ICD), or other electronic medical implants (e.g., artificial heart, infusion pumps, cochlear implants). * Wounds, infections, or significant skin problems at potential stimulation sites (ear or scalp). * Presence of major psychiatric disorders or inability to understand or cooperate with testing. * Cardiovascular or vascular-related conditions, including severe heart disease, uncontrolled arrhythmia, or medical advice against exercise; use of anticoagulant medication that makes laser stimulation inappropriate. * Acute illness, such as fever or active infection. * Botulinum toxin injections or relevant surgeries within the past six months. * Photosensitive disorders (e.g., lupus, porphyria) or current use of photosensitizing medications. * Inability to safely perform cycling training (e.g., recent fractures, severe spasticity, difficulty maintaining seated posture). * Pregnant or breastfeeding individuals. * Any other condition deemed unsuitable by the study physician (e.g., severe claustrophobia).