Clinical Research Directory

Inclusion Criteria: * Age 65 years or older, * Presence of involuntary urinary leakage according to the International Continence Society definition, * At least one urinary leakage episode during the previous four weeks and an ICIQ-UI SF score of ≥1, * General health status adequate to tolerate the outpatient assessment protocol, * Ability to mobilize independently, * Ability to understand instructions in Turkish and complete the study questionnaires, * Willingness to participate and provision of written informed consent. Exclusion Criteria: * Acute urinary tract infection or acute lower urinary tract symptoms, * History of major pelvic or orthopedic surgery within the previous six months, * Acute musculoskeletal condition that may affect performance during the assessments, * Neurological disease causing severe mobility limitations, including Parkinson's disease or stroke, * Diabetic neuropathy, * Severe cardiopulmonary disease, including New York Heart Association class III-IV heart failure or forced expiratory volume in one second below 30% of the predicted value, * Dementia or severe cognitive impairment, defined as Global Deterioration Scale stage 4 or higher, * Severe visual or hearing impairment that may prevent completion of the assessments, * Terminal illness or active malignancy, * Inability or unwillingness to provide informed consent, * Unwillingness or inability to complete the assessment protocol.